Distant worlds universe large map downloads11/28/2023 ![]() In this context, the WMO has advocated the development of integrated urban services (IUS) – using observations (remote and on-site) and models – that addresses the panoply of hazards that cities face and the needs of service providers, including emergency services, public health bodies, energy produces, and urban designers and planners ( Baklanov et al., 2018 Grimmond et al., 2020).ĭespite their importance as a spatial nexus of climate drivers and of governance, cities are largely excluded from global climate science owing to their relatively small extent and our limited knowledge of their spatial structures. Current and future climate changes represent significant risks to urban populations and to the natural and physical infrastructure systems of cities ( Costello et al., 2009 UN, 2019 Wang et al., 2021). In addition to the many modifications to the biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere ( Seto et al., 2012 D'Amour et al., 2017 Liu et al., 2019 van Vliet, 2019 Zhang et al., 2019 McDonough et al., 2020), urbanization affects energy demand ( Creutzig et al., 2015 Güneralp et al., 2017), releases anthropogenic heat emissions and pollutants ( Patella et al., 2018 Takane et al., 2019), and alters the urban climate ( Oke et al., 2017). The conversion of earth's land surface into urban areas is one of the most irreversible human impacts on the global ecosystem ( Grimm et al., 2008 Reba and Seto, 2020). The crucial role that cities can play in this arena is recognized at the international level: the new United Nations Agenda and the 11th Sustainable Development Goal focus on urban resilience, climate, and environment sustainability of cities, two of the four challenges identified by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) World Weather Research Program are urban-related: high-impact weather, including impacts in cities, and urbanization, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cities and Climate Change Scientific Committee identified six research priorities for science to have a stronger role in urban policy and practice, and advocacy groups like C40 (, last access: 22 August 2022) play an increasingly important role in achieving national emission targets and enhancing resilience ( Creutzig et al., 2016 Bai et al., 2018 Masson et al., 2020).Ĭities are simultaneously drivers of regional and local climate changes. As a result, they are the focus of mitigation and adaptation policies and, as they have governance structures in place, are an ideal scale to affect change. This dataset can be downloaded from ( Demuzere et al., 2022 a).Ĭities are at the forefront of global climate change science owing to their emissions of greenhouse gases and their exposure to projected hazards, such as sea-level rise and climate warming ( IPCC, 2022). As each LCZ type is associated with generic numerical descriptions of key urban canopy parameters that regulate atmospheric responses to urbanization, the availability of this globally consistent and climate-relevant urban description is an important prerequisite for supporting model development and creating evidence-based climate-sensitive urban planning policies. Its quality is assessed using a bootstrap cross-validation alongside a thematic benchmark for 150 selected functional urban areas using independent global and open-source data on surface cover, surface imperviousness, building height, and anthropogenic heat. The global LCZ map, composed of 10 built and 7 natural land cover types, is generated by feeding an unprecedented number of labelled training areas and earth observation images into lightweight random forest models. To serve this purpose, we present a 100 m-resolution global map of local climate zones (LCZs), a universal urban typology that can distinguish urban areas on a holistic basis, accounting for the typical combination of micro-scale land covers and associated physical properties. ![]() In the face of climate change, urban data are also required to explore future urbanization pathways and urban design strategies in order to lock in long-term resilience and sustainability, protecting cities from future decisions that could undermine their adaptability and mitigation role. These data can support a range of environmental services, since cities are places of intense resource consumption and waste generation and of concentrated infrastructure and human settlement exposed to multiple hazards of natural and anthropogenic origin. ![]() There is a scientific consensus on the need for spatially detailed information on urban landscapes at a global scale.
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